---
id: "20260822-0233-do-current-us-state"
title: "Do current US state-level Nemeth-vs-UEB-Math instructional mandates split along the same lines as the 1871-1932 Braille/New York Point standards war?"
type: "capture"
status: "promoted"
promoted_to: ["30-notes/claim-bear-2022-count-most-us-states-default-to-nemeth-for-technical-braille.md","30-notes/claim-1871-1932-braille-standards-war-fought-institution-by-institution-not-fixed-lines.md","30-notes/claim-nemeth-ueb-split-is-a-notation-convention-not-a-competing-script-dispute.md","30-notes/claim-nfb-2016-warned-ueb-rollout-could-repeat-1871-1932-fragmentation.md","40-entities/entity-robert-b-irwin.md","40-entities/entity-joel-w-smith.md","40-entities/entity-nemeth-code.md","40-entities/entity-new-york-point.md"]
not_promoted: ["Central-question synthesis ('do the splits align') — not a standalone atomic claim; routed instead as a 2026-08-22 progress line on the existing question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split.md, left status: open since the comparison itself was never found to have been performed by anyone.","Further leads (Herzberg & McBride 2024; O'Brien/Pogrund/Rudinger 2026; full-text Irwin memoir on Internet Archive; PA PaTTAN guidance doc; MN DOE doc; CA DOE doc; Grokipedia New York Point hook; College Board vs ACT accommodation claim) — none fetched this session, so nothing to promote; left in this capture's Further leads section for a future capture.","Entity candidate Simon Pollak — real, named, one concrete fact (brought Braille to Missouri School for the Blind, 1860), but a single-mention walk-on with no independent action beyond that fact; kept as a named mention inside claim-1871-1932-braille-standards-war-fought-institution-by-institution-not-fixed-lines.md rather than promoted to a hub.","Entity candidate Helen Keller — her 1909 letter is described by Irwin as load-bearing, but this capture never captured the letter's actual text, only that it exists; premature to build a hub on an un-quoted reference. Kept as a named mention in the same claim-note.","Entity candidates Frances Mary D'Andrea, Steve Jacobson, Carlton Anne Cook-Walker — each is essentially the named byline of one source already carried in full as claim-note provenance (source_author + source_quote); no independent action beyond authorship clears the person-hub bar this session. Not promoted.","Entity candidate Braille Authority of North America (BANA), org — acts as a real decision-making body (2012 vote, its own guidance) but every appearance is inside one cluster (braille standards); the amended org test requires load-bearing presence across more than one independent cluster. Deferred, flagged at 00-meta/seek-flags.md 2026-08-22 [entity]."]
origin: "batch"
writer_model: "claude-sonnet-5"
date_created: "2026-08-22T00:00:00.000Z"
provenance: "batch run 2026-08-22, direct answer to routed question 50-questions/question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split.md"
derived_from: []
tags: ["disability-history","braille","tactile-technology","standards-wars","accessibility-tech","nemeth-code","unified-english-braille","cross-time-bridge"]
source_url: "https://nceo.umn.edu/docs/OnlinePubs/NCEOBrief19.pdf"
source_author: "Frances Mary D'Andrea, Ph.D."
source_date: "2019-10"
source_title: "Considerations for States Providing Materials in Braille (NCEO Brief Number 19)"
source_venue: "National Center on Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota"
source_quote: "Because each state in the U.S. has a different system for procuring and producing educational materials in braille, BANA suggested that each state create its own implementation plan; many states did so."
source_tier: 1
source_sha: "8607c749857d11bb161ae3937319f4f62e498609ea0d3be32f18620562999e9a"
other_sources: [{"url":"https://bearadvocacy.com/2021/06/21/current-status-of-nemeth-code-use-in-the-united-states/","author":"Carlton Anne Cook-Walker, Esquire","title":"Current Status of Nemeth Code Use in the United States — Updated for Pi Day 2022","venue":"BEAR — Blindness Education and Advocacy Resources","date":"2022-03-14 (updated); accessed 2026-08-22","tier":3,"sha":"1733b13538b562726d52432a5062e28d32f45e36037b595599a3ae777da0b524","note":"Only located source carrying a state-by-state Nemeth/UEB count; advocacy-org blog, methodology stated only as 'according to our research' — no primary BANA/NBA roster found to corroborate."},{"url":"https://afb.org/about-afb/history/online-library/war-dots","author":"Robert B. Irwin","title":"War of the Dots","venue":"American Foundation for the Blind (excerpted from Irwin's memoir *As I Saw It*, AFB, 1955)","date":"1955 (original); accessed 2026-08-22","tier":2,"sha":"606f90e2c3ebe22ba9447d703793f4be45c38682030a5713f87de25857a84998","note":"Participant memoir published decades after the events it describes; Tier 1 for episodes Irwin witnessed firsthand (e.g. the 1909 hearing), Tier 2-3 for earlier institutional history he is retelling secondhand. Specific figures flagged separately per the oral-history sourcing note."},{"url":"https://nfb.org/when-history-repeats-itself-why-must-blind-people-be-victims","author":"Steve Jacobson","title":"When History Repeats Itself, Why Must Blind People Be the Victims?","venue":"Braille Monitor (National Federation of the Blind), January 2016","date":"2016-01","tier":2,"sha":"9213124cbc125baca4ff206b29ccadb31e12cafdb15cf66744cfd86f48e9e069","note":"Named author, published in NFB's official membership magazine with an editor's framing note; opinion/advocacy piece, not a neutral survey."}]
seek_code_commit: "17d9798"
---


This capture directly answers the question routed at [[question-verify-nemeth-ueb-state-mandates-split]], which itself follows from [[claim-bana-2012-ueb-adoption-kept-nemeth-code-parallel]] (BANA's 2012 UEB vote left Nemeth Code alive as a parallel official code, with no single US mandate) and [[claim-war-of-the-dots-competing-braille-systems-1829-1932]] (the 1829-1932 Braille/New York Point/American Braille standards war). Those two notes are not duplicated here; this capture adds the state-level roster and the historical mechanism comparison neither existing note attempted.

---

## Claim: Today's Nemeth-vs-UEB-Math split is a deliberate, BANA-sanctioned non-mandate — each state (and ultimately each student's IEP team) chooses independently, producing a three-way state map rather than a single national default

**Claim type:** mixed — a technical/institutional mechanism claim (Tier 1-2 required) plus a quantitative state count (Tier 1-2 required).

The mechanism half clears the floor cleanly. BANA's own 2019-published guidance, authored by a sitting BANA board member, states plainly that the U.S. rollout of UEB was deliberately decentralized:

> "Because each state in the U.S. has a different system for procuring and producing educational materials in braille, BANA suggested that each state create its own implementation plan; many states did so."

And BANA's own stated position, quoted in the same document, pushes the decision one level further down, to the individual reader:

> "the decision to use UEB or the Nemeth Code within UEB context for technical materials should be made based on braille readers' individual needs" (BANA, 2015)

The quantitative half — how many states actually landed where — does not clear the floor on a primary source. The only state-by-state count located this session comes from a braille-education advocacy attorney's blog, which states its own methodology only as "according to our research":

> "Thirty-one (31) states and the District of Columbia denote Nemeth Code as the default code for math and science (technical) subjects... Seven (7) states set UEB for Technical Materials as the default code... Eleven (11) states have stated that they do not have a default code, will support both Nemeth Code and UEB for Technical Materials, and charge the IEP team with making the decision... One (1) state does not have a final decision." (as of 2022-03-14)

`[unverified-quant — needs primary]`. No BANA, National Braille Association, or federal roster with this same breakdown was found this session; the population-percentage figures in the same source (73.4%, 10.2%, 12.5%, 3.9%, attributed to "2021 U.S. Census population estimates") carry the same flag.

---

## Claim: The 1871-1932 standards war was not a stable state-by-state or regional line either — individual schools switched sides over decades, and doing so carried real social cost among administrators

**Claim type:** historical/biographical — uncontested and Tier 3-4 acceptable in general, but this capture found direct Tier 2 primary testimony, which is used in preference to a weaker source.

Robert B. Irwin — a central figure at the American Foundation for the Blind who personally attended some of the events described — recounts in his 1955 memoir that individual schools, not fixed geographic blocs, were the unit that shifted allegiance, and that shifting was personally costly:

> "A superintendent of a school for the blind, who had originally favored the use of New York Point in his school, after considerable study switched over to the use of braille. When he came to a national convention of instructors the following year, he found that some of his old New York Point associates refused to sit next to him at the luncheon table."

Irwin's account also names specific institutions on both sides across the period: the Missouri School for the Blind adopted Braille as early as 1860 (via board member Dr. Simon Pollak, who had observed it in Europe); the New York Institution (Wait's own school) and the Maryland School for the Blind (per superintendent John F. Bledsoe's 1909 testimony) were New York Point strongholds; Pennsylvania's Edward E. Allen retained New York Point for two years after arriving in 1890 because it was the only type available from the federally-funded American Printing House; and the Indiana School for the Blind, under superintendent George Wilson, ran a split policy — braille for music notation, New York Point for literary material. By 1910, per Irwin, the two camps were near parity on the American Printing House's governing board: "forty per cent of the pupils represented by the superintendents were in schools which had officially adopted American braille." `[unverified-quant — needs primary]` — this is a specific figure from a participant's memoir written 45 years after the events it describes, and per the sourcing floor's oral-history rule, a recollected number needs a contemporaneous record before it can carry a quantitative claim on its own.

---

## Claim: Structurally, the two disputes are not the same kind of standards fight — 1871-1932 pitted physically different tactile scripts against each other, while the current dispute is a notational convention split within one already-standardized braille cell

**Claim type:** specific technical-mechanism — Tier 1-2 required, cleared on both sides of the comparison.

New York Point used a fundamentally different physical encoding from Braille's cell, not merely a different assignment of the same dots. Per Irwin's firsthand account of Wait's design:

> "Mr. Wait...felt that braille was wasteful of space and so he developed a system of arbitrary characters occupying a space two dots high and extending horizontally to one, two, three or four dots in width. This type had what is known as a variable base..."

— as against Braille's fixed three-dots-high, two-dots-wide cell. A reader trained on one system's physical dot geometry could not simply relearn a convention to read the other; the underlying tactile shape itself was different.

By contrast, the modern Nemeth/UEB dispute uses the identical six-dot cell on both sides, differing only in where within that fixed cell a number is placed — a convention choice, not a competing script. Per BANA's own current guidance document:

> "The braille cell has six dots arrayed in a 3x2 pattern. In UEB, the numbers are created in the upper four dots of the braille cell, preceded by the numeric indicator. In Nemeth, the numbers are created in the bottom four dots of the cell, preceded by the numeric indicator."

This is a meaningful disanalogy for the core question: the 1871-1932 war was a fight over which physical tactile alphabet would exist at all, while the current fight is over which of two symbol-placement conventions to teach within a single alphabet everyone already agrees on. Whether "splits along the same lines" is even the right frame to ask the modern dispute in is itself an open question this capture cannot resolve.

---

## Claim: The field's own contemporary discourse explicitly raises the "history repeating" comparison this capture was asked to check — but as a rhetorical warning, not a demonstrated finding, and no source located actually performs the state-by-state geographic comparison

**Claim type:** historical/interpretive framing — Tier 3-4 acceptable; Tier 2 achieved (named author, dated, in a real, if advocacy-affiliated, venue).

Steve Jacobson, writing in the National Federation of the Blind's Braille Monitor in January 2016 — the same month UEB implementation went live in the U.S. — asked the exact question this capture was assigned to check, as a rhetorical warning rather than a researched finding:

> "Finally, are we entering a new era that requires 100 percent agreement before we regard any choice of a standard code to be the preferred choice? Are we turning the clock back one hundred years to a time when the Braille code is defined in part by geographic boundaries within the United States or the school attended, just when mathematics and science are gaining an increasing importance in education?"

This confirms the analogy between the two disputes is a live, self-aware part of the field's own internal argument — practitioners in 2016 were explicitly worried about repeating 1871-1932's fragmentation. It does not confirm the analogy holds empirically: Jacobson raises the parallel as a caution about what could happen, not as a report of an actual geographic correlation, and no source located this session performs the comparison Jacobson gestures at (mapping the current 31/7/11/1 state split against a documented state-by-state 1871-1932 adoption map).

---

## Central question status

**Do current state-level Nemeth-vs-UEB-Math mandates split along the same lines as the 1871-1932 standards war?** `[unverified — could not confirm or deny after search]`.

What was found: a credible-but-unverified modern state count (31 states + DC default Nemeth, 7 default UEB, 11 support both, 1 undecided, as of 2022, on a Tier 3 source); a rich primary account of the historical war showing it was fought institution-by-institution and shifted over decades rather than settling into fixed geographic lines; a structural disanalogy (competing scripts then, competing conventions-within-one-script now) that complicates the premise of the question itself; and explicit acknowledgment, from inside the field's own 2016 discourse, that the parallel was actively feared at the moment UEB rolled out. What was not found, after genuine search: any primary historical roster of which specific U.S. states or institutions used New York Point versus Braille at a comparable point in the 1871-1932 period (as opposed to named individual schools), and — critically — no source anywhere that actually overlays that historical map onto the current 31/7/11/1 state map to check for correlation. The comparison the question asks for does not appear to have been done by anyone in the citable literature; this capture cannot manufacture it from anecdote.

---

## Further leads

- Herzberg & McBride (2024), "Middle and High School Students with Visual Impairments Describe Their Experiences in Learning a New Braille Code for Mathematics and Science," *Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness* — https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145482X241257526 — peer-reviewed, not yet fetched; could carry a more rigorous state-policy count than the BEAR blog.
- O'Brien, Pogrund & Rudinger (2026), "Current Perspectives on Unified English Braille as a Complete Code in the United States for Literary and Technical Content," *JVIB* — https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145482X251410163 — very recent, not yet fetched.
- Full text of Robert B. Irwin's *As I Saw It* (1955) on Internet Archive — https://archive.org/stream/warofdots00robe/warofdots00robe_djvu.txt — the AFB page used here is an excerpt; the full scanned book may contain a more systematic state-by-state roster than the excerpt captured.
- Pennsylvania PaTTAN guidance document, "UEB Math/Science and UEB With Nemeth: A Guidance Document for IEP Teams" — https://www.pattan.net/CMSPages/GetAmazonFile.aspx?path=~%5Cpattan%5Cmedia%5Cmaterials%5Cpublications%5Cfiles%5Cpaces_ueb-code-guidance-doc-11-23-wbl.pdf — not fetched; PA's own current stance would update/replace the BEAR blog's 2022 "no final decision" note.
- Minnesota Department of Education, "Nemeth or Unified English Braille (UEB)" — https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=MDE033823&RevisionSelectionMethod=latestReleased&Rendition=primary — not fetched; a state DOE primary document, one of the strongest candidate sources for a genuinely Tier 1 state-by-state roster if enough states' equivalents were assembled.
- California Department of Education, "UEB Implementation Plan for California" — https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/se/ac/uebimplementationplan.asp — not fetched.
- Grokipedia's "New York Point" page surfaced an unsourced-in-search figure — "New York Point became the dominant method in at least 27 institutions by 1909" — Grokipedia is an AI-generated encyclopedia (Tier 5 per the standing categorical deprioritization for AI-generated content); NOT used as a source here, but flagged as a hook worth chasing to an actual primary count if one exists.
- BEAR's claim that the College Board (SAT, PSAT, AP, CLEP) offers standardized-test accommodations only in Nemeth Code, not UEB Technical, while the ACT offers both — Tier 3, quantitative/mechanism claim, not independently verified this session.

---

## Entity candidates

- Robert B. Irwin — person — primary chronicler of the 1871-1932 war (AFB executive director, author of *As I Saw It*, 1955); the eyewitness source underlying two of this capture's four core claims, and the foundational figure the historical half of this comparison rests on.
- Simon Pollak — person — physician who brought Braille to the Missouri School for the Blind in 1860, the earliest documented U.S. institutional adoption in Irwin's account; an older figure not yet visible in the retrieved vault notes.
- Helen Keller — person — her 1909 letter to the NY Board of Education, quoted at length by Irwin, is a load-bearing primary testimony arguing American Braille over New York Point; recurs across this history's primary record.
- Joel W. Smith — person — inventor of Modified/American Braille (Perkins Institution, 1878), the third competing code in the historical war.
- Frances Mary D'Andrea — person — current BANA board member (representing AFB) and author of the strongest Tier-1 source in this capture, NCEO Brief #19 (2019).
- Steve Jacobson — person — author of the NFB Braille Monitor piece that explicitly frames the modern Nemeth/UEB dispute as a feared recurrence of the 19th-century code wars.
- Carlton Anne Cook-Walker — person — braille-education attorney and advocate (BEAR), source of the only located state-by-state Nemeth/UEB count; her count is unverified against a primary roster.
- Braille Authority of North America (BANA) — concept/org — the standards body whose 2012/2015 non-mandate decision is the direct institutional cause of the current state-by-state split.
- Nemeth Code — concept — the specialized braille math/science code at the center of the modern dispute; may warrant its own concept page distinct from the existing Nemeth-invention claim notes.
- New York Point — concept — the losing 19th-century rival tactile code; this capture adds a physical-geometry mechanism detail (variable-width cell) not present in the existing vault note about its inventor.

## Safety flags

None encountered this session. All fetched pages (BEAR advocacy blog, AFB/Irwin memoir excerpt, NFB Braille Monitor article, NCEO PDF) were checked for addressed-to-AI language, override language, claimed authority, tier self-assignment, file-system instructions, credential requests, and urgency framing — none fired. No page's TLS provenance was recorded as unverified.