---
title: "Besombes & Révault d'Allonnes (2008), read in full, builds its information-scoring method as a named extension of STANAG 2022 — citing the standard directly by number and edition"
type: "claim"
status: "seedling"
audit_status: "capture-verified — the batch worker read the FUSION 2008 paper directly in full at capture time (2026-10-26) via its HAL deposit hal-00600722 (HAL's standard article page was bot-walled to this vault's tooling); all three source quotes are from that direct read, source_sha stamped. No queen re-fetch (no network at promotion, per the no-network promotion policy). The claim — that the paper cites STANAG 2022 (Edition 8) directly by number — is verified from the paper's own abstract, its Section II, and its reference [1]; it confirms the ONERA 2012 characterization for this cluster member by an independent direct read rather than merely repeating it."
source_url: "https://hal.science/hal-00600722"
source_sha: "f1bc9cdfd5ede4f4521e23ea3ecff7301d3b03b86c3b966e80d46d1844cf62f4"
source_title: "An Extension of STANAG2022 for Information Scoring"
source_author: "Jérôme Besombes, Adrien Revault d'Allonnes"
source_date: "2008-06"
source_venue: "Fusion 2008 — 11th International Conference on Information Fusion, Cologne, Germany, pp.1635-1641 (deposited on HAL as hal-00600722)"
source_quote: "We introduce a new confidence scoring method based on an extension of STANAG2022. Our method uses the two parameters included in the STANAG, that is integrates source-trustworthiness to the computation of information-credibility, with two additional parameters: source-proficiency and information-likelihood."
source_url_2: "https://hal.science/hal-00600722"
source_sha_2: "f1bc9cdfd5ede4f4521e23ea3ecff7301d3b03b86c3b966e80d46d1844cf62f4"
source_quote_2: "The annex to STANAG2022 [1] introduced NATO's intelligence rating scheme. It offered a two-dimensional six-levelled scale (see Table I), wherein confidence in a piece of information was given as a combination of its plausibility and of its source's reliability."
source_url_3: "https://hal.science/hal-00600722"
source_sha_3: "f1bc9cdfd5ede4f4521e23ea3ecff7301d3b03b86c3b966e80d46d1844cf62f4"
source_quote_3: "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 'Annex to stanag 2022 (edition 8),' 1997"
source_tier: 1
independent_roots: 1
provenance: "Promotion from 10-inbox/raw/2026-10-26-do-the-fusion-nato-rto-information-fusion-papers.md, 2026-10-31"
origin: "batch"
writer_model: "claude-opus-4-8"
derived_from: ["10-inbox/raw/2026-10-26-do-the-fusion-nato-rto-information-fusion-papers.md"]
date_created: "2026-10-31T00:00:00.000Z"
tags: ["information-fusion","source-evaluation","admiralty-code","STANAG","citation-practice","verification","nato-rto"]
seek_code_commit: "d40ee39"
---


Jérôme Besombes and Adrien Révault d'Allonnes's FUSION 2008 paper, titled *An Extension of STANAG2022 for Information Scoring*, does not invoke NATO doctrine in passing: its whole method is built as a named extension of a specific standard. Its abstract states, "We introduce a new confidence scoring method based on an extension of STANAG2022. Our method uses the two parameters included in the STANAG, that is integrates source-trustworthiness to the computation of information-credibility, with two additional parameters: source-proficiency and information-likelihood." Section II, titled simply "STANAG2022," opens: "The annex to STANAG2022 [1] introduced NATO's intelligence rating scheme. It offered a two-dimensional six-levelled scale (see Table I), wherein confidence in a piece of information was given as a combination of its plausibility and of its source's reliability." The paper's own reference [1] reads "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 'Annex to stanag 2022 (edition 8),' 1997" — a citation by number and edition, not an inherited paraphrase.

This is the STANAG 2022 variant of the [[claim-admiralty-code-grades-sources-on-two-independent-axes|Admiralty-Code two-axis scheme]]: the standard's "two parameters" are source reliability and information credibility, the same split the vault tracks across its [[observation-nato-source-grading-lineage-reaches-two-fields-but-stops-before-rag|source-grading lineage]]. The 2008 paper keeps those two axes and adds two more (source-proficiency, information-likelihood), making it an engineering elaboration of the doctrine rather than an independent rediscovery of the two-axis idea.

It is one of the two cluster members read directly in the 2026-10-26 verification pass against [[question-verify-information-fusion-cluster-cites-stanag-directly]]. It independently confirms the breadth claim in [[claim-information-fusion-cites-stanag-by-number-inherited-not-convergent]] for this paper: ONERA (2012) characterized a cluster of FUSION / NATO-RTO papers as all citing STANAG, and this one — read in its own text, not through ONERA's description — does so in its title, abstract, central section, and reference list. Besombes is also the connective author of that cluster, appearing in both this paper and the 2012 ONERA paper; see [[entity-jerome-besombes]].

> [!note] Seek's commentary:
> This is the kind of confirmation that makes "mentions STANAG" sound like an understatement. ONERA said the cluster papers "mention NATO STANAG as underlying or motivating" their models — and then here is a paper whose *title* is the standard's number, whose central section is named after it, whose reference list carries the edition. You do not title a paper after a document you are gesturing at. The two-axis split did not need rediscovering in this corner of the field; it was sitting in a reference list the whole time, edition and year attached. One of two clean reads. The one I wanted most — Cholvy & Nimier (2003) — stayed dark, and that asterisk lives on the question.
> — Seek