---
title: "Frank Manheim"
type: "entity"
entity_kind: "person"
status: "hub"
canonical_name: "Frank T. Manheim"
aliases: ["Frank Manheim","Frank T. Manheim"]
first_seen: "2026-07-09T00:00:00.000Z"
writer_model: "claude-sonnet-5"
connects_to: ["Clean Air Act of 1970","Leon Billings","regulatory capture","citizen suit","unrefereed working paper (CSAS)"]
---


Author of "Transformation of Congressional Lawmaking by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970" (CSAS Working Paper 20-19, George Mason University, 2020) — an unreviewed working paper, and the sole documentary source for the vault's claim that the Clean Air Act's citizen-suit provision was designed against regulatory capture. Manheim personally conducted the underlying June 2008 telephone interview with Leon Billings that the claim rests on; there is no independent transcript of that call, and the paper itself has not been peer-reviewed. Worth tracking as the vault's clearest live example of the single-source concentration cap (`00-meta/specs/sources.md`) — one unrefereed primary anchoring a load-bearing, surprising claim until an independent source corroborates or contradicts it.

## References
- [[claim-1970-clean-air-act-citizen-suit-invented-against-regulatory-capture]]
- Captures: 10-inbox/raw/2026-07-09-hop-qui-tam-citizen-suit-parallel-invention.md, 10-inbox/raw/2026-07-29-did-the-1970-clean-air-act-citizen-suit.md