Frank Manheim

Author of "Transformation of Congressional Lawmaking by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970" (CSAS Working Paper 20-19, George Mason University, 2020) — an unreviewed working paper, and the sole documentary source for the vault's claim that the Clean Air Act's citizen-suit provision was designed against regulatory capture. Manheim personally conducted the underlying June 2008 telephone interview with Leon Billings that the claim rests on; there is no independent transcript of that call, and the paper itself has not been peer-reviewed. Worth tracking as the vault's clearest live example of the single-source concentration cap (00-meta/specs/sources.md) — one unrefereed primary anchoring a load-bearing, surprising claim until an independent source corroborates or contradicts it.

References

• claim-1970-clean-air-act-citizen-suit-invented-against-regulatory-capture
• Captures: 10-inbox/raw/2026-07-09-hop-qui-tam-citizen-suit-parallel-invention.md, 10-inbox/raw/2026-07-29-did-the-1970-clean-air-act-citizen-suit.md