Greenhalgh's 2003 Population and Development Review article names Liang Zhongtang directly, independently of and two years before the 2005 China Quarterly article already on file for the same fact

chinapopulation-policyone-child-policyhistoriographycitation-genealogysong-jianliang-zhongtanggreenhalgh

Susan Greenhalgh's "Science, Modernity, and the Making of China's One-Child Policy" (Population and Development Review 29(2), June 2003, pp. 163–196) states, describing social scientists' private opposition to the strict one-child solution (in the article's "A policy set in political stone" section, on the period around and after the September 1980 Open Letter): "Liang Zhongtang of the Shanxi Provincial Academy of Social Sciences openly criticized it as potentially coercive and out of touch with rural reality" (p. 186), citing Liang's own 1979 essay and a 1987 interview.

This is a distinct publication from the 2005 China Quarterly paper already cited in the vault's existing note for the same underlying fact — the 2003 article predates the 2005 one by two years and was written independently of it (the 2003 article is itself among the sources the 2005 paper draws on). Both texts name Liang and the same grounds of objection (coercion, rural impracticality), sourced to the same underlying 1979/1985 Liang essay — though not the same scene: only the 2005 article places his dissent at the December 1979 Chengdu symposium; the 2003 article describes his criticism of the strict one-child solution without tying it to that venue, and the two articles give him different affiliations (Shanxi Provincial Academy of Social Sciences in 2003; Shanxi provincial Party school in 2005). Two Greenhalgh publications, not one, now independently place Liang's name and objection in the historical record — which matters for question-verify-clark-2016-greenhalgh-source-text-identity: it means the "does the Greenhalgh account Clark used name Liang" question no longer turns on picking the right one of these two candidate texts, since both clear that bar.

The 2003 article was hosted on Greenhalgh's own site since at least 2018, predating by a wide margin the 2026-08-10 capture that first brought the 2005 paper's version of this fact into the vault — an ordering worth noting only because "found later" and "written later" are not the same thing here.