Icard's 2023 honesty×truth taxonomy crosses an axis that exists in neither of its two named comparison primaries, read on their own terms

intelligence-tradecraftepistemicsvaguenessestimative-probabilitysource-evaluationformal-logicbenjamin-icardprimary-source-verification

Icard's 2023/2024 taxonomy crosses content-Truth (True/Indeterminate/False) with source-Honesty (Honest/Imprecise/Dishonest) into a 3×3 grid. Icard's own 2023 article states this taxonomy "adaptat[es] the taxonomy of informational vagueness presented in" Égré & Icard (2018) — but that 2018 chapter, read directly, supplies only the Indeterminate/Imprecise naming: both terms there describe sub-varieties of one phenomenon (vagueness in an utterance), with no counterpart category for a source's honesty versus dishonesty. The chapter's nearest analogue to "dishonest" is simply lying, treated as the baseline the whole chapter contrasts vagueness against — not a third value sharing a scale with imprecision and indeterminacy.

Separately, Icard's 2023 article compares its own probability-range table against Kent's 1964 numerical encodings — but Kent's report, read directly, supplies only a single confidence/probability continuum, with no honesty or reliability axis of its own.

So each of the two documents Icard names or compares against contributes one piece of structure — a vocabulary of vagueness-types from Égré & Icard, a probability continuum from Kent — and the specific move of crossing an honesty axis with a truth axis into nine named cells is Icard's own construction, not something either source already contains in its own words. This does not make the 2023/2024 taxonomy wrong; it means a reader who checks only the citation markers, rather than the cited documents, would conclude both axes were already present in the named sources, when in fact only the labels were. The finding sits inside the vault's broader cluster on two-axis source-evaluation schemes, as a case where a recent two-axis scheme turns out to have invented its own crossing rather than inheriting one from either named ancestor.