Edward M. Graham

Economist and senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (formerly the Institute for International Economics), co-author with David M. Marchick of US National Security and Foreign Direct Investment (2006) — the vault's second independent, named-author source confirming that the 1987 Fujitsu bid for Fairchild Semiconductor, not the Toshiba-Kongsberg submarine-quieting scandal, was the proximate trigger for the 1988 Exon-Florio Amendment.

References

• claim-graham-marchick-2006-corroborate-fujitsu-fairchild-exon-florio-trigger · claim-fujitsu-80-percent-fairchild-bid-exposed-cfius-lack-of-veto-power · claim-graham-marchick-2006-silent-on-toshiba-kongsberg-exon-florio-history
• Captures: 10-inbox/raw/2026-07-15-find-a-second-independent-account-confirming-the-fujitsufairchild.md